doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.107.756585
Images and Case Reports in Heart Failure |
Resting Systolic Anterior Motion of Mitral Valve Apparatus
Association With Apical Ballooning Syndrome
From the Department of Cardiology, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
Correspondence to Dr Andrew To, Department of Cardiology, Middlemore Hospital, Hospital Rd, Otahuhu, Auckland 1640, New Zealand. E-mail andrewcyto{at}gmail.com
Two patients, a 67-year-old man (patient 1) and a 72-year-old woman (patient 2), presented with sudden onset chest pain after significant emotional stress. Patient 2 also had acute pulmonary edema on presentation. An ECG showed ST elevation in the precordial leads, and the patient’s cardiac enzymes were elevated. A coronary angiogram showed no flow-limiting lesions. A left ventriculogram demonstrated the typical pattern of apical ballooning syndrome with basal hypercontractility and apical akinesis (Figure, A, and Movie I). The diagnosis of apical ballooning syndrome was made in both cases.
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A transthoracic echocardiogram in patient 1 showed hyperdynamic basal segments and mild upper septal hypertrophy with systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve resulting in moderate left ventricular outflow track (LVOT) obstruction (LVOT velocity, 3.7 m/s) (Figure, B and D). There was severe functional mitral regurgitation (MR) (Figure, C). Patient 2 had similar test results, with SAM of the mitral valve, moderate LVOT obstruction of 3.1 m/s and severe MR (Movies II and III).
Repeat echocardiograms at 2 to 4 months after initial presentation showed normal LV function and resolution of the LV wall motion abnormalities. Interestingly, residual SAM of the mitral apparatus without significant LVOT obstruction was found on the resting echocardiograms of both patients (Figure, E and F, and Movies IV and V). There was no residual MR.
The pathophysiology of apical ballooning syndrome is not fully understood. In our 2 cases, underlying SAM predisposed the patients to the development of LVOT obstruction and dynamic MR in the context of apical ballooning syndrome. The use of inotropes in this situation would be likely to worsen the LVOT obstruction and MR and should be avoided. Chronic β-blocker administration may ameliorate the degree of LVOT obstruction and consequent adverse hemodynamics in future presentations.
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Acknowledgments |
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Disclosures
None.
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Footnotes |
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The online-only Data Supplement, which contains Movies I through V, is available with this article at http://circheartfailure.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/1/1/84/DC1.
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